清香讲堂 | 清华终身学习云课堂青少年探索专场——从计算到智能
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1962年年9月12日，时任美国总肯尼迪在赖斯大学发表了象征着开启人类探索新步伐的著名演讲——《我们选择登月》。其中他说道：“如果你愿意，可以将5万年的人类历史缩短为短短半个世纪。在人类历史的50年间，在不到两个月前，蒸汽机为我们提供了动力，牛顿发现了万有引力的意义。上个月，电灯，电话，汽车和飞机成为了现实。仅仅上周我们发现了盘尼西林，电视与核能。现在如果我们的最新飞船成功抵达了金星，那我们才能真正算得上今天午夜抵达其他星球了。”
On September 12, 1962, then US President John F. Kennedy delivered a famous speech at Rice University, which symbolized the opening of a new step in human exploration – “we choose to land on the moon”. He said: “If you like, you can shorten the 50000 year human history to just half a century. In the 50 years of human history, less than two months ago, the steam engine provided us with power, and Newton discovered the meaning of universal gravitation. Last month, electric lights, telephones, cars and planes became a reality. Only last week we discovered penicillin, television and nuclear energy. Now if our latest spacecraft successfully arrived at Venus, we can say that we really count as arriving on other planets at midnight today. “
而如今，距离美国宇航员尼尔·阿姆斯特朗在踏上月球表面同时道出了一句被后人奉为经典的话——“这只是我一个人的一小步，但却是整个人类的一大步”的历史时刻仅仅过去了53年。53年中，那些辅助人类完成壮举的计算机也经历了蜕变，并且毫无疑问地将在人们接下来的历史中扮演重要的角色。
Now, it has been only 53 years since American astronaut Neil Armstrong spread a saying that is regarded as a classic by later generations when he stepped on the surface of the moon – “this is only a small step for me, but a big step for the whole mankind.” In the past 53 years, the computers that assisted human beings to accomplish feats have also undergone transformation, and will undoubtedly play an important role in people’s future history.
9月4日晚，来自清华大学计算机科学与技术系的教授兼博士生导师马少平先生做客清华附中稻香湖学校的水木剧场。从最古老的计算工具算筹开始讲起，一直到目前最火的人工智能——他引领着同学们思想上的脚步，见证人类智慧一步又一步地逾越鸿沟，并向着山巅坚持不懈地前进！
On the evening of September 4, Ma Shaoping, a professor and doctoral supervisor from the Department of computer science and technology of Tsinghua University, visited the Shuimu theater of THISDL. From the oldest computing tool, computing chips, to the most popular artificial intelligence- he showed the ideological steps of the leaders by which students witness that human wisdom has crossed the gap step by step and made unremitting progress toward the top of the mountain!
开篇，马老师用酷炫的图片与电影截图构建出了大众潜意识中的人工智能的样子，为接下来的着重讲解埋下伏笔。然后他从古老的计算工具开始讲解，从简单到连一张桌子都铺不满的算筹一直讲到占地面积以平方米计算的巨大计算机的雏形。
At the beginning, Mr. Ma used cool pictures and movie screenshots to build the artificial intelligence in the public’s subconscious，laying the groundwork for the next explanation. Next, he started with ancient computing tools, covering from simple computing chips that can’t even be spread on a table to the embryonic form of a huge computer that covers an area of square meters.
接着，马老师引领学生走进了计算机的内部结构，见证了相应的重要部件由繁变简，最终达到运算速度的超速飞升。此时，同学们的疑问也跟着出现——“如此令人惊讶的速度可以用来做什么呢？”
Then, Mr. Ma led the students into the internal structure of the computer, witnessing that the corresponding important components had changed from complex to simple, and the computing speed had soared. At this time, students followed with this question – “what can such an amazing speed be used for?”
面对这个疑问，马老师首先介绍了计算机最初的简单应用，然后联系起之前埋下的伏笔，着重介绍了人工智能的诞生和早期人们对人工智能的实践。接着，他引用了麻省理工学院温斯顿教授对人工智能的描述——“人工智能就是研究如何使计算机做过去只有人才能做的智能工作”，将“人工智能”这一概念从实现的角度进行拆解，并由繁化简：人工智能 = 描述 + 算法，描述=说明问题+告诉计算机做什么，算法=把智能问题转化为计算问题。
When faced the question，Mr. Ma first introduced the initial simple application of computers, and then connected with the foreshadowing laid before, focusing on artificial intelligence’s birth and the practice of artificial intelligence by early people. Then he quoted Professor Winston of the Massachusetts Institute of technology’s description of artificial intelligence- “Artificial intelligence is to study how to make computers do intelligent work that only human beings could do in the past” so that the concept of artificial intelligence could be disassembled and simplified: Artificial intelligence = description + algorithm, description = explaining the problem+ telling the computer what to do, Algorithm = converting intelligent problems into computational problems.
为了让学生更好地理解，马老师进一步向同学们讲解了人工智能的五个要素，从简单且常见的拼音输入法入手，讲述了它是如何“破译”我们脑中的密码并正确地呈现相应的内容的。在同学们惊讶之余，又介绍了四库全书版面分析系统的强大的运算能力，进一步加深了同学们对人工智能的印象。马老师还从竞技体育的方面入手，分别介绍了人工智能在国际象棋和围棋方面的战绩以及相应的算法。从人工智能的取胜之道中解释了人工智能的学习方法。随后，他用自动驾驶汽车、自动驾驶自行车、自动写诗的案例加以证实。
In order to make the students better understand, Mr. Ma further explained the five elements of artificial intelligence to the students. Starting from the simple and common Pinyin input method, he told how it “deciphers” the password in our minds and correctly presents the corresponding content. While the students were surprised, he also introduced the powerful computing power of the layout analysis system of Sikuquanshu. This further deepened the students’ impression of artificial intelligence. Mr. Ma also introduced the achievements and corresponding algorithms of artificial intelligence in chess and go from the perspective of competitive sports，explaining the learning methods of artificial intelligence from the way to win the victory of artificial intelligence. Soon，he confirmed that by the cases of autonomous vehicle, self-driving bicycle and self-writing poetry.
讲授完人工智能无与伦比的优势之后，马老师也讲授了其目前存在的问题，例如语法中的代词问题。
After showing the unparalleled advantages of artificial intelligence, Mr. Ma also taught about its current problems, such as pronouns in grammar.
讲座最后，马老师向同学们展示了人工智能的发展趋势并且勉励大家要勇于面对挑战，一步一步向着自己心中的目标前行！相信同学们在这场知识盛宴中受益匪浅！希望同学们勇于探索，能在未来世界的人工智能领域做出自己的贡献！
At the end of the lecture, Mr. Ma showed the students the development trend of artificial intelligence and encouraged them to face the challenges bravely and move forward step by step towards the goals in their hearts! It is believed that students will benefit a lot from this knowledge feast. It is hoped that students will have the courage to explore and make their own contributions in the field of artificial intelligence in the future world!
